Bringing forward the 2030 development agenda to revitalise Central American Integration
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Published:
Apr 27, 2022
Keywords:
Integration, Centro America, SICA, Anticipatory governance, Agenda 2030
Main Article Content
Abstract
Rather than looking to the past to formulate public policies, this study suggests redesigning them based on the study of the disruptive potential of global trends that are altering the horizon.
Anticipatory Governance provides studies on SICA and the integration process of Central American countries with tools to explore, experiment and anticipate, addressing risks and capitalising on emerging opportunities
to achieve shared development goals. Above all, it is a proactive approach that informs medium- and long-term policy-making, going beyond national boundaries, harnessing the potential of megatrends and mitigating the impact of future crises.
In the framework of the commemoration of the bicentenary of independence and the 30th anniversary of SICA, three public policy options are formulated that respond to the need to re-energise Central American
integration by bringing forward the 2030 sustainable development agenda.
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How to Cite
Cortés Zea, C. (2022). Bringing forward the 2030 development agenda to revitalise Central American Integration. Revista De Fomento Social, (302), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.32418/rfs.2022.302.5178
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Studies
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AGONU (2019). Documento final de Buenos Aires de la Segunda Conferencia de Alto Nivel de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Cooperación Sur-Sur. Buenos Aires: Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas.
Al Jazeera News Agency (22 mar. 2020). Coronavirus lockdown leads to improved air quality. Aljazeera
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/22/coronavirus-lockdown-leads-to-improved-air-quality/
Banco Mundial (2020). PIB, PPA ($ a precios internacionales actuales). Recuperado de: https://datos.bancomundial.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD [30 sep. 2020].
Banjo, Shelly, Yap, Livia y Chan, Vinicy (2 feb. 2020). Coronavirus Forces World’s Largest Work-From-Home Experiment. Bloomberg.
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-02/coronavirus-forces-world-s-largest-work-from-home-experiment
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https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-53438543
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Blyde, Juan (5 may. 2020). Pandemias: llegó la hora de que América Latina exporte telemedicina. IADB Blog.
https://blogs.iadb.org/integracion-comercio/es/pandemias-america-latina-telemedicina/
BMZ (2018). Development Policy in 2032. Global Trends and Hypotheses on Future Development Cooperation. Discussion Paper. 41 p.
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https://devinit.org/resources/how-are-aid-budgets-changing-due-covid-19-crisis/
Caldentey del Pozo, Pedro y Romero Rodríguez, José Juan (2010). El SICA y la UE: la integración regional en una perspectiva comparada. Primera Edición. Córdoba, España: Fundación ETEA para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación. 161 p.
CentralAmericaData (2020). Deuda Externa en Centroamérica. Recuerado de: https://www.centralamericadata.com/es/search?q1=content_es_le:"deuda+externa" [30 sep. 2020].
CEPAL (2018). Los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en Centroamérica y la República Dominicana: visualizando desafíos, viabilizando compromisos. Sede Subregional México. 259 p.
CEPAL (2019). Nudos críticos del desarrollo social inclusivo en América Latina y el Caribe. Antecedentes para una agenda regional. 68 p.
CEPAL (2020a). Enfrentar los efectos cada vez mayores del COVID-19 para una reactivación con igualdad: nuevas proyecciones. Informe Especial COVID-19. No. 5. 24 p.
CEPAL (2020b). Índice de feminidad en hogares pobres. Recuperado de https://oig.cepal.org/es/indicadores/indice-feminidad-hogares-pobres [30 sep. 2020].
Draghi, Mario (4 may. 2017). El método Monnet: su relevancia para Europa ayer y hoy. Banco Central Europeo.
https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2017/html/ecb.sp170504.es.html
Editorials Nature (2020). Time to revise the Sustainable Development Goals. Nature. No. 583:
331-332.
Fanjul, Enrique (12 mar. 2020). El coronavirus, ¿nuevo impulso a la desglobalización? Elcano Blog. https://blog.realinstitutoelcano.org/el-coronavirus-nuevo-impulso-a-la-desglobalizacion/
Flores Fonseca, Manuel Antonio (2014). El bono demográfico en los países centroamericanos. Revista Población y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes. (10): 105-118.
FMI (2020). Actualización de Perspectivas de la economía mundial. (jun.) 23 p.
Fuerth, Leon S. (2009). Foresight and anticipatory governance. Foresight. No. 4 (11): 14-32.
Glennie, Jonathan, Gulrajani, Nilima, Sumner, Andy y Wickstead, Myles (2019). A proposal for a new universal development commitment. Global Policy. No. 4 (11): 478-485.
Grin, Gilles. Méthode communautaire et fédéralisme : le legs de Jean Monnet à travers ses archives. Lausanne: Fondation Jean Monnet pour l’Europe. Collection débats et documents. No. 2 (sep. 2014). 27 p.
Haass, Richard (7 abr. 2020). The Pandemic Will Accelerate History Rather Than Reshape It. Not Every Crisis Is a Turning Point. Foreign Affairs.
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-04-07/pandemic-will-accelerate-history-rather-reshape-it
Harari, Yuval Noah (19 mar. 2020). The world after coronavirus. Financial Times https://www.ft.com/content/19d90308-6858-11ea-a3c9-1fe6fedcca75
Hayward, Peter (2003). Facilitating Foresight: where the foresight function is placed in organisations. Foresight. No. 6 (1): 19-30.
IBSA (2020). IBSA Fund. Recuperado de:
http://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/ibsa_fund.html [30 sep. 2020].
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank (2020). Global Economic Prospects. (jun.) 215 p.
López Calva, Luis Felipe (9 dic. 2019). Las expectativas de la población latinoamericana se ven afectadas por un proceso de paro económico. El País. https://elpais.com/internacional/2019/12/09/colombia/1575846441_828424.html
López-Calva, Luis Felipe (9 dic. 2019). Las expectativas de la población latinoamericana se ven afectadas por un proceso de paro económico. El País. https://elpais.com/internacional/2019/12/09/colombia/1575846441_828424.html
Mahato, Susanta, Pal, Swades y Gopal Ghosh, Krishna (2020). Effect of lockdown amid COVID-19 pandemic on air quality of the megacity Delhi, India. Science of the Total Environment. (730): 1-23.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720326036
Merchant, Bryan (18 mar. 2020). Coronavirus Is Speeding Up the Amazonification of the Planet. OneZero.
https://onezero.medium.com/coronavirus-is-speeding-up-the-amazonification-of-the-planet-21cb20d16372
Mountford, Helen (12 mar. 2020). Responding to Coronavirus: Low-carbon Investments Can Help Economies Recover. World Resources Institute.
https://www.wri.org/blog/2020/03/coronavirus-economy-low-carbon-investments
OECD (2018). Development Co-operation Report 2018. Joining forces to leave no one behind. 470 p.
OECD (2018). Job Creation and Local Economic Development 2018. 271 p.
OECD (2020). Latin American Economic Outlook 2020. Digital Transformation for Building Back Better. 305 p.
ONU (2020). Década de Acción. Recuperado de: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/decade-of-action/#:~:text=Diez%20a%C3%B1os%20para%20transformar%20el%20mundo&text=A%20diez%20a%C3%B1os%20de%20que,hagan%20suyos%20los%20Objetivos%20Mundiales [30 sep. 2020].
Parrado, Eric (23 jun. 2020). América Latina tardará tres o cuatro años en recuperar el PIB anterior a la pandemia. El País.
https://elpais.com/economia/2020-06-24/america-latina-tardara-tres-o-cuatro-anos-en-recuperar-el-pib-anterior-a-la-pandemia.html?ssm=TW_AM_CM
Priday, Gareth, Mansfield, Tim y Ramos, José (2014). The Open Futures Library: One Step Toward a Global Foresight Commons. Journal of Futures Studies. No. 18 (4): 131-142.
Ramos, Jose M. (2014). Anticipatory Governance: Traditions and Trajectories for Strategic Design. Journal of Future Studies. No. 19 (1): 35-52.
Rowling, Megan (20 may. 20). Pandemic may reverse human development for first time in 30 years, UN says. Reuters.
https://www.reuters.com/article/healthcoronavirus-global-development/pandemic-may-reverse-human-development-for-first-time-in-30-years-un-says-idUSL8N2D251B
Saez, Daniela (7 jul. 2020). Desafíos de conectividad durante el Covid-19: Estrategias de telecomunicación. The Dialogue
https://www.thedialogue.org/blogs/2020/07/desafios-de-conectividad/?lang=es
Toussaint, Mónica y Garzón, Marisol (2017). El Proyecto Mesoamérica: ¿Éxito o fracaso? Límites de la cooperación de México hacia Centroamérica. EntreDiversidades: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades. No.1 (8): 15-52.
Ugarte Jiménez, Oscar (1 jul. 2020). Proyecciones de CEPAL auguran duro panorama para la región. COVID-19 dejaría a 20 millones de centroamericanos en pobreza y 7 millones en pobreza extrema. Semanario Universidad
https://semanariouniversidad.com/pais/covid-19-dejaria-a-20-millones-de-centroamericanos-en-pobreza-y-7-millones-en-pobreza-extrema/
UNDP Global Centre for Public Service Excellence (2018). Foresight Manual. Empowered Futures for the 2030 Agenda. 49 p.
UNOSSC, 2020. India, Brazil and South Africa (IBSA) Facility. Recuperado de: https://www.unsouthsouth.org/partner-with-us/ibsa/ [30 sep. 2020].
Vidal, John (18 mar. 2020). 'Tip of the iceberg': is our destruction of nature responsible for Covid-19? The Guardian.
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/18/tip-of-the-iceberg-is-our-destruction-of-nature-responsible-for-covid-19-aoe
Watts, Jonathan (30 abr. 2020). Clean air in Europe during lockdown ‘leads to 11,000 fewer deaths’. The Guardian.
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/apr/30/clean-air-in-europe-during-lockdown-leads-to-11000-fewer-deaths