Inequality of opportunities and moral of responsibility. An assessment of some public transfers in the light of the orientations of Christian social thought
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Published:
Dec 31, 2019
Keywords:
Inequality of opportunities, work, universal basic income, conditional cash transfer, responsibility
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Abstract
The article discusses the advantages and drawbacks of some means to expand the inequality of opportunities, such as the offer of public employment, a universal basic income or conditional cash transfers. The most important contribution is that it includes the humanizing value of work and the responsibility of the subject as an essential criterion to avoid irresponsible dependence on the public support received. Based on the guidelines of the Catholic Social Thought that privileges the work on capital, the subjective on the objective work, and the responsibility of the direct employer on the indirect (State and collateral labor institutions), the ethical judgment is recommended. This should be weighted by prudence and the observation of the results in terms of responsibility, to discern in each context which public policies are more coherent with the dignity of the person to whom one wants to expand his or her freedom of opportunity.
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Larrú Ramos, J. M. (2019). Inequality of opportunities and moral of responsibility. An assessment of some public transfers in the light of the orientations of Christian social thought. Revista De Fomento Social, (295), 313–347. https://doi.org/10.32418/rfs.2019.295.1551
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Studies
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INGARDEN, R. (2001) Sobre la responsabilidad. Sus fundamentos ónticos. Caparrós editores. Madrid.
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— (2019) “Guaranteed Employment or Guaranteed Income?”, World Development 115, 209–221.
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— (1986) “Equality of Resources Implies Equality of Welfare”, Quarterly Journal of Economics 101(4), 751–784.
— (1998) Equality of Opportunity. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
— (2000) “Equality of Opportunity”, en K. ARROW, S. BOWLES y S. DURLAUF (eds.) Meritocracy and Economic Inequality, Princeton, chapter 2.
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and Public Policy.
ARNESON, R. (1989) “Equality of Opportunity for Welfare”, Philosophical Studies 56, 77–93.
ARNOLD, C. (2018) “The Anti–Poverty Experiment”, Nature 557, 626–628.
AYALA, L. (2015) “El sistema de garantía de ingresos en España: efectos sobre la desigualdad y la pobreza”, en L. AYALA y J. RUIZ–HUERTA (eds) 2º Informe sobre la desigualdad en España. Fundación Alternativas. Madrid. 43–78.
BANEGAS–GONZÁLEZ, I. y MORA–SALAS, M. (2012) “Transferencias condicionadas y reducción de la pobreza en México: entre lo real y lo imaginado”, European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 93 (oct.), 41–60.
BANERJEE, A., DUFLO, E., IMBERT, C., MATHEW, S. y PANDE, R. (2016) “E–governance, Accountability, and Leakage in Public Programs: Experimental Evidence from a Financial Management Reform in India”, NBER Working Paper 22803. Cambridge.
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BARROS, R., MOLINAS, J. y SAAVEDRA, J. (2011) “Measuring Progress Howard Basic Opportunities for All”, Brazilian Review of Econometrics 30(2), 335–367.
BERG, A., BUFFIE, E. F. y ZANNA, L–F. (2018) “Should We Fear the Robot Revolution? (The Correct Answer is Yes)”, IMF Working Paper 116. Washington.
BOURGUIGNON, F., FERREIRA, F. y MENÉNDEZ, M. (2007) “Inequality of Opportunity in Brazil”, Review of Income and Wealth 53(4), 585–618.
BOWLES, S. (1973) “Understanding Unequal Economic Opportunity”, American Economic Review 63(2), 346–356.
BROWN, C. S., RAVALLION, M. y VAN DE WALLE, D. (2017) “Are Poor Individuals Mainly Found in Poor Households? Evidence Using Nutrition Data for Africa”. NBER Working Paper 24047. Cambridge.
BRUNORI, P., FERREIRA, F. H. G. y PERAGINE, V. (2013) “Inequality of Opportunity, Income Inequality and Economic Mobility: Some International Comparisons”, IZA Discussion Paper 7155.
CECCHINI, S. y ATUESTA, B. (2017) Programas de transferencias condicionadas en América Latina y el Caribe. Tendencias de cobertura e inversión, CEPAL Serie Políticas Sociales 224.
CHECCHI, D., PERAGINE, V. y SERLENGA, L. (2008) “Income inequality and opportunity inequality in Europe”, Rivista di Politica Economica, 98 (9–10), 263–91.
COHEN, G. A. (1989) “On the Currency of Egalitarian Justice”, Ethics 99, 906–944. DE LA RICA, S. (2015) “Políticas Activas de Empleo: Una Panorámica”, Fedea Policy Papers – 2015/01.
DENISON, E. (1970) “An Aspect of Inequality of Opportunity”, Journal of Political Economy, 78(5), 1195–1202.
DWORKIN (1981a) “What is Inequality? Part 1: Equality of Welfare”, Philosophy Public Affairs 10, 185–246.
— (1981b) “What is Inequality? Part 2: Equality of Resources”, Philosophy Public Affairs 10, 283–345.
FERNÁNDEZ, G. (coord.) (2015) Hacia un sistema más inclusivo de garantía de rentas en España: diferentes alternativas de desarrollo. Fundación FOESSA. Madrid.
FERREIRA, F. y MENÉNDEZ, M. (2012) “Desigualdad de Resultados y Oportunidades en Colombia: 1997–2010”, Documentos CEDE 40. Universidad de Los Andes.
FERREIRA, F. H. G., GIGNOUX, J. y ARAN, M. (2011) “Measuring inequality of opportunity with imperfect data: the case of Turkey”, Journal of Economic Inequality 9, 651–680.
FERREIRA, F. H. G. y GIGNOUX, J. (2011) “The Measurement of Inequality of Opportunity: Theory and an Application to Latin America”, Review of Income and Wealth
57(4), 622–657.
FISZBEIN, A. y SCHADY, N. (eds.) (2009) Conditional Cash Transfers. Reducing Present and Future Poverty. The World Bank. Washington.
FORNET, E. L. (2011) “The Town with No poverty: The Health Effects of a Canadian
Guaranteed Annual Income Field Experiment”, Canadian Public Policy 37, 283–305.
FRIEDMAN, M. (2013) “The case for a negative income tax: A view from the right”. En K. WIDERQUIST, J. A. NOGUERA, Y. VANDERBORGHT y J. DE WISPELAERE (eds.) Basic income: An anthology of contemporary research, Blackwell Publishing. Chichester. 11–16.
GARGARELLA, R. (1999) Las teorías de la justicia después de Rawls. Paidós. Barcelona.
HASSINE, N. B. (2012) “Inequality of opportunity in Egypt”, The World Bank Economic Review, 26(2): 265–295.
INGARDEN, R. (2001) Sobre la responsabilidad. Sus fundamentos ónticos. Caparrós editores. Madrid.
JONES, D. y MARINESCU, I. (2017) “The Labor Market Impacts of Universal and Permanent Cash Transfers: Evidence from the Alaska Permanent Fund”, NBER Working Paper 24312. Cambridge.
KARABARBOUNIS, L. y NEIMAN, B. (2014) “The Global Decline of the Labour Share”, Quarterly Journal of Economics 129(3), 61–103.
LEFRANC, A., PISTOLESI, N. y TRANNOY, A. (2008) “Inequality of opportunities vs. inequality of outcomes: Are Western societies all alike?”, Review of Income and Wealth 54(4), 513–546.
LORDAN, G. y NEUMARK, D. (2018) “People versus Machines: The Impact of Minimum Wages on Automatable Jobs”, Research Briefs in Economic Policy 96. London School of Economics. London.
LÜTKENHORST, W. (2018) “Creating Wealth without Labour? Emerging Contours of a New Techno–Economic Landscape”, DIE Discussion Paper 11. German Development Institute.
MARINESCU, I. (2018) “No Strings Attached: The Behavioral Effects of U.S. Unconditional Cash Transfer Programs”, NBER Working Paper 24337. Cambridge.
MARRERO, G. A. y RODRÍGUEZ, J. G. (2009) “Inequality of opportunity and growth”, FEDEA Working Paper 24.
— (2010) “Inequality of opportunity in Europe: Economic and Policy Facts”, ECINEQ Working Paper 172.
MECD (2014) Datos y cifras del sistema universitario español. Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deportes. Madrid.
MSSSI (2015) El sistema público de servicios sociales. Informe de renta mínimas de inserción. Año 2015. Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad Madrid.
MURRAY, CH. (2013) “Guaranteed Income as a Replacement for the Welfare State”, en WIDERQUIST, K., NOGUERA, J. A., VANDERBORGHT, Y. y DE WISPELAERE, J. (eds.) Basic income: An anthology of contemporary research, Blackwell Publishing. Chichester. 49–51.
NACIONES UNIDAS (2015) “Transformar nuestro mundo: la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible”, A/69/L.85.
NARAYANAN, D., RANAWARE, K., DAS, U. y KULKARNI, A. (2015) “MGNREGA Works and their Impact: A Study of Maharashtra”, Economics and Political Weekly 50(13), 53–61.
NUSSBAUM, M. (2012) Crear Capacidades. Espasa Libros. Barcelona.
OIT (2012) Recomendación relativa a los pisos nacionales de protección social. R202. Ginebra, 101ª reunión CIT. 14 de junio.
RALLO, J. M. (2015) Contra la renta básica. Por qué la redistribución de la renta restringe nuestras libertades y nos empobrece a todos. Deusto. Barcelona.
RAMOS. X. y VAN DE GAER, D. (2009) “Empirical Evidence on Inequality of Opportunity”, Discussion document for the Marseille meeting, 22–23 de mayo.
— (2016) “Empirical Approaches to Inequality of Opportunity: Principles, Measures, and Evidence”, Journal of Economic Surveys 30(5), 855–883.
RAVALLION, M. (2016) The Economics of Poverty. History, Measurement, and Policy. Oxoford University Press. Nueva York.
— (2019) “Guaranteed Employment or Guaranteed Income?”, World Development 115, 209–221.
RAVENTÓS, D. (2019) “Renta básica (incondicional) Por qué es importante para la libertad y cómo se puede financiar”, en J. SEVILLA (dir.) Reforzar el bienestar social: del ingreso mínimo a la renta básica. Observatorio Social de La Caixa. Barcelona. 87–117.
RAWLS, J. (1971) A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press. Cambridge.
ROBEYNS, I. (2017) Wellbeing, Freedom and Social Justice The Capability Approach Re–Examined. Open Books Publisher. Cambridge.
RODRIK, D. (2016) “Premature Deindustrialization”, Journal of Economic Growth 21(1), 1–33.
ROEMER, J. E. (1993) “A pragmatic theory of responsibility for the egalitarian planner”, Philosophy and Public Affairs 22: 146–166.
— (1986) “Equality of Resources Implies Equality of Welfare”, Quarterly Journal of Economics 101(4), 751–784.
— (1998) Equality of Opportunity. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
— (2000) “Equality of Opportunity”, en K. ARROW, S. BOWLES y S. DURLAUF (eds.) Meritocracy and Economic Inequality, Princeton, chapter 2.
ROGERS, C. (2011) El proceso de convertirse en persona. Paidós Ibérica. Barcelona.
SEN, A. (2000) Development as Freedom. Anchor Books. Nueva York.
SEN, A. K. (2013) “The Ends and Means of Sustainability”, Journal of Human Development and Capabilities 14(1), 6–20.
SEVILLA, J. (coord.) (2019) Reforzar el bienestar social: del ingreso mínimo a la renta básica, Observatorio Social de “La Caixa”. Palma.
VAN PARIJS, P. (1995) Real Freedom for All: What (if anything) can Justify Capitalism? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
VERMA, S. (2011) “MGNREGA Assets and Rural Water Security: Synthesis of Field Studies in Bihar, Gujarat, Kerala and Rajasthan”, International Water Management Institute, Anand.
WORLD BANK (2019) Human Development Report 2019. The Changing Nature of Work. The World Bank Group. Washington.
— (no date) Measuring income and poverty using Proxy Means Tests. https://olc.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/1.pdf (Acceso 13.06.2018).
WORLD BANK GROUP (2015) Identification for Development. The World Bank. Washington. https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/Governance/GGP%20ID4D%20flyer.pdf.
ZHANG, Y. y ERIKSSON, T. (2010) “Inequality of Opportunity and Income Inequality in Nine Chinese Provinces, 1989–2006.”, China Economic Review 21(4), 607–616.